What Is An Assault Rifle?
Assault Rifle
Much as the concepts of “Art” or “Pornography”” at first seem obvious but are difficult to define in with precision for legal purposes, so it is with the concept of “Assault Rifle”.
The concept of what is often referred to as an Assault Rifle was developed by Germany near the end of WW-II. They developed a light weight rifle that was capable of being switched from semi-automatic operation to fully automatic operation. This was coupled with the co-development of a reduced power cartridge. This rifle, the “StG-44”, was successful ion the Easton Front in 1944-’45.
Following WW-II, the Soviets developed the AK-47, which was similar in concept to Germany’s Stg-44, but different in mechanical operation. It utilizes a reduced power cartridge and may be fired in semi-auto and full-auto modes. In the immediate post-war period, the western powers developed military rifles that could switch from semi-auto to full auto but were designed to fire what many call a full power cartridge. The NATO countries adopted the .308 Winchester round also designated “7.62 NATO.” These full powered rifles were not adequately controllable in full-auto mode.
During the late 1950s, an aerospace engineer, Eugene Stoner, was working for the Armalite Company designing a series of then cutting edge, non-traditional firearms utilizing aluminum alloys and plastics extensively while avoiding wood and steel. The full power model was designated the AR-10. This was chambered in .308 Winchester. The AR signified “Armalite Rifle”. A lower power, lower recoil design was designated the AR-15. It was smaller and lighter and chambered for a cartridge usually used for small game, the .222 Remington. Neither design was successful in the civilian or military markets.
The US Air Force eventually acquired a limited number of AR-15s as survival rifles. Some of these found their way into the Viet Nam war zone where they were welcomed by the Vietnamese who were having difficulty with the much heavier full power 1M-14; the standard rifle of the US Army at that time. The Army eventually held trials and adopted a modified AR-15 in a slightly different cartridge, the .223/5.56 NATO and capable of fully automatic fire as the M-16. The Soviets eventually adapted the AK design to shoot a reduced recoil round similar to but different from the 5.56 NATO round and designated the rifle AK-74.
It should be noted here that none of the rifles mentioned so far have been designated as an “Assault Rifle” by military organizations. The use of the term “assault rifle” informally refers to a select-fire, light weight rifle chambered in a reduced power cartridge. The US Army adopted a reduced power light rifle in 1939, often called the “M-1 Carbine”. This has usually not been considered to be an “assault rifle” because it is semi-auto only. It was later redesigned to be select-fire and used in the Korean War as the M-2 Carbine. . . .but again, not type classified as an “assault rifle”.
When adopted by the US Army, the Armalite patents were sold to Colt industries. These patents expired eventually, and the Stoner designed AR operating system is now in the public domain. The AR-15 name is owned by Colt Industries alone. In the context of defining types of firearms for regulatory purposes, the term “AR-15” can only be used to name a specific version or the Armalite rifle built by Colt for a few years. However, “AR-15” is often used casually in informal discussions of rifle types. Many prefer to use terms such as “AR-15 type” though.
Today, with the Armalite designs in the public domain, many commercial companies manufacture complete AR derived rifles and accessory parts worldwide. Rifles of this pattern are now available in several calibers other than .223/5.56 NATO. A rifle of Stoner’s AR-design can be assembled from parts in a home workshop without the use of traditional gunsmithing tools such as milling machines or a lathe or even a drill press.
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