An alternative perspective comes from Dr. Victor Frankel, author of the famous book "Man's Search for Meaning".
Frankel was an Austrian neurologist/psychiatrist and a concentration camp survivor. Frankel spent several years in various concentration camps where he was allowed to live and provide medical treatment for the prisoners. While in the camps he set up "survival clinics" in the hope of getting as many of the prisoners past the camps alive as he could. Suicide was obviously one of his biggest challenges and he worked tirelessly to find a pattern among suicides that would help him identify and help those at risk.
He eventually found a single, clear pattern among both the suicides and the other prisoners-workers who died in the camps: they had all lost "meaning" in their lives. Those who continued to believe that their lives had a purpose continued to live. Those who lost that belief rapidly died - either of suicide or simply by expiring from starvation or disease. The key factor that kept the prisoners alive was a belief that their life still had "meaning".
Frankel's concept of "meaning" doesn't really translate well into English. It starts with the "hope" others have talked about here but goes well beyond that. Frankel's philosophy also saw people gaining meaning in their lives through negative experiences that happened in the past. For instance, he would say that a person who was horribly injured saving the life of another could find "meaning" in his suffering and handicap in knowing that he had prevented the suffering and death of another person. You could just as easily find meaning in creating beautiful art or useful tools or just through caring for and helping your family and friends. To Frankel it's the belief that you aren't completely irrelevant to the world that keeps people going. Frankel developed a specific treatment for neurosis and depression - logotherapy - that is based upon helping people find meaning in their lives that has been very successful in treating some people at high risk for suicide.
I think Frankel's theories fit in nicely with both my personal experiences with suicides and what other have posted here. It's not the 100% sure answer to what drives people to suicide, but I think that Tush's description of it hits the nail on the head: when you can't find anything in life that makes you happy then where is the meaning in living any more? You have to feel that waking up the next has a purpose to it. If not, then there's no reason to wake up ever again. Logotherapy is designed to help people rediscover that purpose.
I think that the desire to live is a strong one.You never see animals taking their own lives at a young,healthy age.I think that it is the nature of any living thing to want to keep going as long as there is some quality of life still there.
Originally Posted by Becky
And yet we do see animals take their own life.
There are several documented instances of healthy, seemingly normal chimpanzees taking their own lives in captivity. There are also reports of wild elephants killing themselves after being captured as well as the sporadic tale of dogs who decide to end it all by various unnatural means. There's one theory that whale beachings are purposeful self-destruction as well.
There's a big debate among psychologists as to whether these behaviors are really "suicides". Many argue that they are not because animals don't seem to have a sense of "death" like humans do. Others point out that animals do show signs of grief and depression after the death of a companion and that elephants in particular seem to stop and "show respect" for the remains of another elephants.
All that said, I think that when a chimp that knows it can't swim and is normally terrified of going more than a few inches into a body of water throws itself into a moat and drowns you have to think there's something non-random goin' on. This has now happened right in front of people two times at major zoos and has been reported among other chimps in captivity as well. I can't believe that these are not purposeful, knowing acts. There's still a lot to learn from animals about how we and they behave.
Condolences,
Mazo.